FABIOLA, MARCELLA E I PRIMI OSPEDALI DELL’OCCIDENTE

ospedale-medioevo

Espressione evidente della nuova mentalità portata da Cristo e dalla Chiesa cattolica fu l’apparire di molte donne, magari vedove, che si dedicavano alla carità.
I primi secoli del cristianesimo sono ricchi di queste figure, che presso le chiese si dedicavano all’assistenza dei malati in maniera più o meno professionale, con il nome di diaconesse, dalla parola greca che significa servizio o assistenza. Tuttavia il passo verso un’assistenza di tipo organizzato venne compiuto soltanto verso la fine del quarto secolo, quando Marcella, una ricca vedova romana, adottò la sua magnifica dimora a convento per le monache-infermiere.
Più vicino al significato moderno del termine fu senz’altro l’ospedale fondato nel 390 dalla bella Fabiola a Roma: con due matrimoni infelici alle spalle, ella si convertì al cristianesimo e dedicò il resto della sua vita alle opere di carità. Pur essendo anche lei molto ricca, si recava tra i poveri e gli ammalati, portandone alcuni a casa con sé e non arretrando neanche dinanzi agli aspetti più sgradevoli e ripugnanti della sua opera. Ecco cosa si scrisse del lavoro di Fabiola: “Qui ella riuniva tutti gli ammalati raccolti per le strade, occupandosi personalmente degli infelici e delle vittime della fame e delle malattie. So che esistono molti uomini che non riescono a superare la loro naturale ripugnanza per simili spettacoli e compiono la loro opera di amore attraverso altri; essi danno denaro anziché adoperarsi di persona. Pur non condannandoli, devo dire che – anche se avessi cento lingue – non sarei in grado di contare tutti i pazienti che hanno avuto cure e assistenza da Fabiola… Dopo aver fondato un ospedale, vi raccolse tutte le persone sofferenti, raccolte per le strade, prestando loro le attenzioni di una vera infermiera… Quante volte ha lavato il pus da piaghe che altri non riuscivano neanche a guardare! Nutriva i pazienti con le sue stesse mani e, anche quando una persona non era altro che un povero corpo scosso dal respiro, lei ne rinfrescava le labbra con alcune gocce d’acqua” .

Fabiola e Marcella non erano donne pagate dallo Stato o da qualcun altro: erano, come si direbbe oggi, volontarie a vita, mosse dalla carità di Cristo e integrate nella istituzione da lui fondata, la Chiesa. Accanto alle opere di carità di Fabiola e Marcella in Occidente, e a quella di san Basilio – che creò un’intera cittadella della carità che fungeva da “ospedale, locanda, lebbrosario, scuola di avviamento professionale, orfanotrofio” –, santa Elena e di tante altre donne e uomini, in Oriente, occorre ricordare, tra gli antenati del moderno ospedale, due Hotel-Dieu in Francia: “Il primo venne costruito a partire dal 542 circa a Lione, per volontà del re Childerico I, mentre il secondo fu fondato un secolo dopo a Parigi dal vescovo della città” .
L’Hotel-Dieu di Parigi “divenne nel corso del Medioevo il maggior ospedale della Francia e come tale servì a lungo di esempio. La sua posizione ad Occidente della cattedrale di Notre-Dame indica che fu una fondazione vescovile” .

Riassumendo, si può dire che i primi ospedali, centri di accoglienza per malati, poveri, pellegrini e stranieri (in quanto tali detti anche “xenodochi”), nacquero dall’iniziativa privata di matrone come Fabiola e Marcella, che mettevano a disposizione i loro palazzi, le loro ricchezze e la loro stessa vita; e da quella di vescovi, sacerdoti o religiosi che diedero vita a “case ospitali urbane”, designate di solito con nomi simili (“Domus Dei”, o “Ca’ di Dio”, in Italia; “God’s house” in Inghilterra, che però nacquero molto più avanti; “Godshuis” nei Paesi Bassi; “Hotel-Dieu” in Francia, etc…); anche dall’opera di papi come san Gregorio Magno (590-604), che di fronte ad una Roma in disfacimento, in preda alle lotte tra Bizantini e Longobardi, alle carestie e alle pestilenze, “fondò e aiutò ospedali, liberò i prigionieri, assegnò pensioni a indigenti e provvide a rifornire Roma e molte località di generi di prima necessità” ; all’interno dei monasteri e dei conventi, che aprivano “le loro ‘foresterie’ agli ospiti forestieri, le loro ‘infermerie’ agli infermi” e inventavano una vasta farmacopea .

da: Francesco Agnoli, La grande storia della carità

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Autore: Francesco Agnoli

Segnaliamo alcune pubblicazioni dell'autore: L’anima c’è e si vede. 18 prove che l’uomo non è solo materia, ED. Il Timone, 2023 (https://www.iltimone.org/prodotto/lanima-ce-e-si-vede/ ); Hitler, l'anticristo (https://www.iltimone.org/prodotto/hitler-lanticristo/  ); Scienziati dunque credenti (https://www.edizionicantagalli.com/shop/scienziati-dunque-credenti-nuova-edizione-2/) La Politica (https://www.reverditoeditore.it/prodotto/la-politica/); Donne che hanno fatto la storia (https://fedecultura.com/products/donne-che-hanno-fatto-la-storia?srsltid=AfmBOoqIqytQzaVYJWO_MPcz6GdTesGRAjvaEpUKy0N7kOMXnMf0uftc); https://fedecultura.com/collections/francesco-agnoli Ha una pagina youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4keWMPfcFgyMAe3ke72HOw

595 pensieri riguardo “FABIOLA, MARCELLA E I PRIMI OSPEDALI DELL’OCCIDENTE”

  1. Bello, sempre molto bello sentire che cosa ha inventato il genio cristiano a favore dell’uomo, fin dalla sua comparsa.
    E’ proprio così: l’albero si riconosce dai suoi frutti e noi oggi dobbiamo dire che ne abbiamo assaporati tantissimi e tutti buonissimi.
    …. e gli altri alberi, che cosa hanno prodotto?
    Grazie, francesco!

  2. Pingback: Le radici cristiane dell'Occidente - Pagina 2
  3. Pingback: Fabiola e san Basilio, gli ospedali sono un’invenzione cristiana | UCCR

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